Contemporary Art Modern Art - 2674 Words

What – aside from its subject matter – makes modern art ‘modern’? Modern art is almost impossible to define or categorise other than it occurred in the rough time span of the 1860s to 1970s. It was a reaction against the perfection of traditional values and strict notion of what art is, creating something more inventive. Modernist art doesn’t need a particular use or meaning to exist; it is autonomous in the way that it was art for art’s sake. In general it strives to show the world as we really see it rather than through any instrument such as perspective or imagination. It uses experimentation in form, colour and medium to represent the reality experienced by each individual. However subject matter is also important in the understanding of a work of art as ‘modern’, as rapid political and social changes especially during the 19th century were depicted by artists. Modern art developed gradually, with artists being inspired by modern inventions. Impressionism can be classed as modern due to the subject matter of the Indus trial Revolution. With this approach one could also argue that Turner acts as a precursor to modernism especially with his painting Rain, Steam and Speed – The Great Western Railway, 1844, which demonstrates the rapidity of the new technology. Rapid social and cultural changes during the 19th century had a huge effect on the style of artists. Previously artists had worked to commission but the emergence of a new middle class as well as art academies acrossShow MoreRelatedModern Art Vs. Contemporary Art1146 Words   |  5 PagesArt overall is created and adored by numerous amount of people for many reasons, such as amplifying shared common visual language. The word art often branches into many different movements and components. Modern art or Contemporary art is one those components; this specific genre began mainly in the 1860’s to the 1970’s. During, this time period artists began throwing aside their own beliefs in a spirit of experimentation and the bringing of new ideas. The purpose of Modern art is to beautify one’sRead MoreEssay on The Modern Civilization in Contemporary Installation Art1952 Words   |  8 Pages The history of art has been around before written language. In the ancient time, people drew images of hunting and pregnant women because food and reproduction were the most crucial factors to survive during these periods. However, in this postmodern time period, many contemporary installation artists use sculptural materials and other mixed media to transform the way a particular space is practiced. Objects used in contemporary art have a range from each day of our life or natural materials toRead MoreModern And Contemporary Arts Of Africa2955 Words   |  12 PagesTessa Giller - 619194 Modern and Contemporary Arts of Africa Essay Word count: African art and the politics of identity in the twenty-first century. - ‘Identity is never an a priori, nor a finished product; it is only ever the problematic process of access to an image of totality’ - H. Bhahba (1994:50) Introduction. The second half of the twentieth century saw the liberation of the African continent from colonial rule, a time that occasioned the rise of new pride in and new searches for definitionsRead MoreModern And Contemporary Art : London2466 Words   |  10 Pages WHAT IF? By Valentini Karadimou Master of Letters College of Arts University of Glasgow Christie’s Education London Modern and Contemporary Art October 2014  © Anna Valentini Karadimou Foreword What if, we were brave enough to imagine a new world? What if, we were as bold as the philosophers and as brave as the Spartans, and we set out to be the change we long to see in todays world. What if, we could hit restart? What if, our world was no longer dependent uponRead More Whitney Museum of Art Essay1163 Words   |  5 Pages The Whitney Museum of American Art has often been referred to a citadel of American Art, partially due to the museums faà §ade, a striking granite building (Figure 1), designed by Bauhaus trained architect Marcel Breuer. The museum perpetuates this reference through its biennial review of contemporary American Art, which the Whitney has become most famous for. The biennial has become since its inception a measure of the state of contemporary art in America today. Since the Museums opening in 1931Read MoreInstitute of Contemporary Art1411 Words   |  6 PagesInstitute of Contemporary Art â€Å"How do you make a building for contemporary art that stays contemporary in the future without stooping to a neutral language? And how do you attract a big public without compromising the selfish, private, exclusive time we all want to have in a museum?† These questions, put forward by Elizabeth Diller of Diller Scofidio + Renfro, represent the urbanistic motivation supporting the construction of Boston’s Institute of Contemporary Art (ICA). In such a manner Boston’sRead MoreSarah Thornton : Art World And Anyone Is Welcome Essay1401 Words   |  6 PagesThornton opens to doors to the art world and anyone is welcome to enter. The organization of Seven Days in the Art World allows the reader to easily follow Thornton as she experiences the art world from buying, selling, to creating art. Seven Days in the Art World delivers an entertaining account and perspective on the art world. This book is an excellent resource for not only students, educators, and ar t enthusiasts, but also those who don t know a thing about the art world. In reviewing this bookRead MoreThe Proposition of a Museum Design for Media Essay examples951 Words   |  4 PagesResearch conducted over the past decade has shown the important role new media plays in contemporary society. While many of us engage with new media in our daily lives, the ideals behind archiving, curating, and exhibiting it are still difficult to approach. As more types of new media and digital media are created, we struggle as interior designers to understand how to represent these works spatially. The proposition of a museum for new media will be outlined by assessing a variety of emerging topicsRead MorePerformance Works of Artists in the Decades after Minimalism1113 Words   |  5 Pagesdecades after minimalism. How they used both the literal body, and participatory art as a vehicle to communication contemporary art practice. Evaluating the affects these works have had on contemporary art practice. The role that minimalism played in the advent of performance art Minimalism’s greatest contribution to performance art was its dismantling of metaphor, the creation of a purely self referential art, an art that didn’t refer to anything outside of itself. Minimalisms banishment of theRead MorePhiladelphia Museum : A Three Floored Building1173 Words   |  5 Pagesranging from American Art, Asian art, European art, to Arms and armor, Prints drawing and photographs, Modern and contemporary art, Special Exhibitions, and Textiles. The ground floor is composed of two types of artwork: prints, drawing, and photography; specifically, the Honickman and Berman Galleries, and modern and contemporary art. The Honickman and Berman Galleries and a section of the modern and contemporary art occupy the west wing while the rest of the modern contemporary art occupies the east

The Ambivalence of Direct Democracy Essay - 1002 Words

The California Constitution states, â€Å"All political power is inherent in the people. Government is instituted for their protection, security, and benefit, and they have the right to alter or reform it when the public good may require.† (CA Const. art. 2, sect. 1) Indeed, the age-old maxim that the government is for the people is evident in California’s Constitution, and the inception of direct democracy by the early 20th century Progressive movement follows this ideology. The 2nd article of California’s constitution includes three forms of direct democracy: the initiative, referendum, and recall. Respectively, these forms of direct democracy grant electors the power to propose statutes and amendments, adopt or reject statutes and†¦show more content†¦Direct democracy’s initiative sounds appealing in theory, but realistically, history has shown that the average voter is incapable of truly assessing the effects and repercussions of these ballot proposals. This is clearly exemplified by Proposition 13, an initiative that, as author Isaac Martin states, became a â€Å"nationwide symbol of tax revolt† (Martin). Proposition 13 essentially set the property tax rate to 1% and stated that the assessed value of homes could not exceed the 1975-76 assessed value. This reduced taxes by about 57% (californiataxdata.com), a truly drastic decrease, which translates to a loss of $7 billion in property taxes during the 1978-79 fiscal year (McCaffery Bowman, 530). Consequently, Proposition 13 led to intense repercussions; the huge decreases in finances forced local agencies to look for funding elsewhere, and severe cuts were made. The Los Angeles Times conducted a survey of 70 southern school districts and found that two-thirds of them had eliminated or sharply curtailed summer school. Also, Long Beach school sent layoff notices to nearly half of its staff of teachers, and by June 28th there was a total of 3,252 estimated layoffs with 165,000 imminent layoffs. The repercussions continued, with prices escalating to cover the decline of financing. And ironically,Show MoreRelatedUncouth Nation: Why Europe Dislikes America by Andrei Markovits1098 Words   |  5 Pagesis very disturbing because who will now control America and America cannot control all the states. There is anti-Americanism not only in Europe but also in the Middle East and even Asia. Nonetheless, many people still admire America’s culture and democracy however much they do not like what it does. Everyone around the world will always have something to like and talk about positively about America and so the issue of anti-Americanism should be stopped and this is why Markovits in his book UncouthRead MoreReview : Outer Experience 1227 Words   |  5 Pagesclimate becomes (Pfeffer 34). Pfeffer notes that power and influence can be acquired and exercised for evil purposes, but few people are willing to approach potential risks and advantage s of power with pragmatism (35). Pfeffer also argues that our ambivalence about power also comes from lessons we learn in school because schools do not encourage cooperation, which is what workplace requires. Another way of getting things done in an organization is by developing a strongly shared vision ofRead MoreThe Iraq War1487 Words   |  6 PagesIn his 1988 Republican National Convention acceptance speech former U.S. President George H.W. Bush proclaimed that, â€Å"Weakness and ambivalence lead to war.†. For better or worse a states ability to influence world politics is primarily based on much power they have. In purely academic terms, power is the ability of Actor A to get Actor B to do something that B would otherwise not do; the ability to get the other side to make concessions and to avoid having to make concessions oneself (Frieden PRead MoreThe World s Largest Trading Trade Agreement ( Nafta ) Essay1641 Words   |  7 Pagessports, and the material desires that many people in the cold war wanted access to also resulted in a negative self-esteem to the people of the developing world. The material abundance and popular culture of the United States also resu lted in the ambivalence of theses peoples of both admiration for American culture and values, and also resentment against their governments for not providing them with access to these things that Americans possessed. Materialism and resentment of these peoples, since theyRead MoreAnalysis Of Walt Whitman s Song Of Myself Essay2414 Words   |  10 Pagesuniversality, must explicate in this universality what it contains and thus become clear to itself.† (411). Hegel later expresses his ideas about the how the spirit is conscious of itself in the conscious form (416), and Spirit’s unity with itself contains a direct opposition of individuality and universality. (420). Whitman exposes the dialectical nature of consciousness as thesis (proposition), antithesis (negation) and synthesis (new proposition) in â€Å"Song of Myself†. In other words, Whitman, as the individualRead MoreThe Political Past, Present, and Future of Russia Essay3372 Words   |  14 Pages Russia never associated as a democracy in anyones mind. It had always been an authoritarian regime of different species and developed a mentality, which creates an almost unsurpassable obstacle for democratic development. Unlike Britain, which took gradual and methodical steps towards democracy, Russia always had abrupt and extreme changes that always created chaos and significantly slowed downRead MoreHaiti Essays3171 Words   |  13 Pagesthree different presidents who held office in the U.S. Through the Reagan, Bush, and finally Clinton administrations, there is an evolution of policy from that of silence, to a gradual increase of concern, and ultimately an objective of restoring democracy in Haiti. However, the one thing that remained constant throughout each administration was the U.S. policy and practice of interdiction and repatriation of Haitian refugees. This policy was indeed successful in curtailing the influx of HaitiansRead MoreThe Starbucks Diaries : Discovering And Interpreting The Cold War Between Walt Whitman And Sherman Alexie3507 Words   |  15 Pagesof confidence and force is a matter of pride in war, but when served cold, the ‘show’ must be missing in action. As Martin McCauley says in Russia, America and The Cold War, cold warfare is nothing but a state of conflict between nations without direct military or political action but pursued primarily through the use of proxy wars waged by surrogates. Going by this definition, it would be interesting to look at the poetry of Walt Whitman and his â€Å"successor† Sherman Alexie, as embodying the veryRead MoreUnderstanding Corruption And Its Effects On Free Speech Essay2253 Words   |  10 Pagesoperationalization are quite numerous. Firstly, the data do not actually measure corruption itself, but rather opinions regarding its prevalence (Treisman 2007). As such, Montinola (2002) points out that opinions may not be based on direct experience with or on any direct knowledge of these activities, thus resulting in a bias. Moreover, cross-national differences may actually be a reflection of the socially encouraged levels of cynicism or the degree of public identification with the ruling governmentRead MoreThe Collapse Of Communism During The Soviet Union2553 Words   |  11 PagesThea Vandyke B00570936 Peter Arthur Robert Finbow November 30, 2014 POLI 2300 A Failure to Adapt: Why Communism Survived in China and failed In the USSR The eventual demise of Communism in the USSR was a direct consequence of the Soviet Union’s failure to adapt to the changes occurring in the world during the 1920’s to the 1940’s. Unlike Communist China, the USSR failed to place economic growth ahead of political reform. In this regard, Russia was unsuccessful in establishing a national identity

Alcohol vs Marijuana Free Essays

Alcohol and marijuana are two drugs commonly used and abused in the United States. Alcohol is the number one abused drug, while marijuana is number one among illegal drugs. While alcohol remains legal, and marijuana illegal, this does not necessarily mean that alcohol is better for you. We will write a custom essay sample on Alcohol vs Marijuana or any similar topic only for you Order Now There have been many arguments where people suggest that marijuana should be legal because alcohol is more deadly. On the other hand, there are alcoholics who would tell a pothead that smoking weed is bad for you. Both substances are very bad for your health and should not be heavily used by anyone but we do need to be a little more piteous to the people that do drugs because you don’t know what they go through in life . Although, Marijuana has such a bad reputation Marijuana is one of the most common drug today and its also arrant. But what exactly is marijuana? Marijuana is a green, brown, or gray mixture of dried, shredded leaves, stems, seed, and flowers of the hemp plants. There are a lot of names for this drug and they are: pot, herb, weed, grass, boom, mary jane, gangster, or chronic. Marijuana has been around for many years and has been thought to be illegal and harmful. But marijuana has been used for medical reasons, including: medicine, hemp rope, crude cloth and enjoyment. Why do young people use marijuana? There are many reasons why they do that and most young people smoke marijuana because their friends or brothers and sisters use marijuana and pressure them to try it. others may think its cool to use marijuana because they hear songs about it and see it on TV and in movies. Some teens may feel they need marijuana and other drugs to help them escape from their problems at home, at school, or with friends. Alcohol is a drug that is classified as a central nervous system depressant. There are three forms of alcohol, beer, wine and distilled spirits. Alcohol is one of the most commonly used drugs in the United States and has more adverse effects that most other drugs combined. There are many aspects to consider when thinking about alcohol as a drug. There are many myths surrounding alcohol, including who uses it, what its effects are on users, social and sexual situations and the amounts people drink. The vast majority of the American population uses alcohol and in many various ways and this also causes different effects. Alcohol is also has a great causation in crimes committed by users, social, medical, and educational problems as a result of use as well. Marijuana and alcohol are similar in many ways because weed and alcohols seems to satisfy most teenagers in today’s world. Some of there similar effects are that they both make you very hungry and sleepy and they both make you escape from reality. When I say they both make you escape from reality I mean that most people drink in smoke because they are going through something and they just don’t want to think about it anymore and that’s how they escape from reality. If they were to get rid of marijuana and alcohol I think that would be very formidable. As you can see marijuana and alcohol are the most common drugs used in today’s society but does that make it right for everyone to do them? Should alcohol be illegal since marijuana is illegal or should they both be legal? Those are some of the questions you have to ask yourself because just because your friends are drinking and smoking doesn’t mean you have to drink and smoke also, jus be above the influence! How to cite Alcohol vs Marijuana, Papers

Oil and Gas Industry Issues in Egypt-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Environmental Issues in the Oil and Gas Industry in Jurisdictions. Answer: Egypt comprises the non-member state in the Organization of Oil Exporting Countries (OPEC). It is the third largest producer of gas and fifth largest producer of oil in Africa[1]. Oil and gas industries have used fracking to recover gas trapped deep in the earth by drilling. Fracking is used to obtain fossil fuel reserves deep inside the earths surface. However, fracking wells can cause severe damage to the environment. Various countries have opposed and even banned such a hazardous practice. Environmentalists have reported that drills break through the underground layers of dirt, rocks, gases and water, resulting in benzene, methane and other chemicals seeping into the soil, water and atmosphere. It is a threat for countries like Egypt, where there are severe water scarcity and the sole source is Nile. Egypt is still looking to permanently ban fracking. Fracking has become a problem, when companies do not use clean, proper materials and do not dispose the wastes properly[2]. Egypt does not have the necessary resources to monitor, carry out analysis and shut down the companies that do not carry out responsible procedures. The Dana Gas Project in Kom Ombo, situated beside the Nile river is an example of one such country. The weak enforcements of regulations and the political disarray of Egypt can lead the companies to carry out procedures that can give rise to significant environmental issues. In Egypt, environmental issues are taken lightly and given low priority. Moreover, the presence of a weak legal framework also adds to the problem. However, members of the Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA) believe that various loopholes in the regulations are their main concern[3]. Egypt is the fifth polluted country in the World and suffers from soil loss, poor water quality, waste management and air pollution. It is necessary to ensure that oil and gas companies are responsible enough and are not involved in exploiting the loopholes in the regulations. References Janusz, Barbara D. "Groundswill."Alternatives Journal41.2 (2015): 60-61. Www.eeaa.gov.eg, 'Ministry Of Environment - EEAA Home' (Eeaa.gov.eg, 2017) https://www.eeaa.gov.eg/en-us/home.aspx accessed 6 November 2017 Www.opec.org, 'OPEC : OPEC Share Of World Crude Oil Reserves' (Opec.org, 2017) https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/data_graphs/330.htm accessed 6 November 2017 Www.opec.org, 'OPEC : OPEC Share Of World Crude Oil Reserves' (Opec.org, 2017) https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/data_graphs/330.htm accessed 6 November 2017. Janusz, Barbara D. "Groundswill."Alternatives Journal41.2 (2015): 60-61. Www.eeaa.gov.eg, 'Ministry Of Environment - EEAA Home' (Eeaa.gov.eg, 2017) https://www.eeaa.gov.eg/en-us/home.aspx accessed 6 November 2017.

Microsoft Corporation and Antitrust

Table of Contents The monopoly Issue Divestiture Microsoft’s market dominance Judge Jackson’s Remedy The monopoly Issue I strongly refuse to agree with the idea that Microsoft is a monopoly. The charges put forward against Microsoft of engaging in anticompetitive and exclusionary practises were strategies by its competitors to curb Microsoft’s growing popularity and success. Microsoft was legally practising its technology advancement and competition plans to gain more market control.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Microsoft Corporation and Antitrust specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For instance, the case of the Netscape’s navigator and Microsoft’s internet explorer, the Department of Justice alleged that Microsoft blatantly and illegally tried to monopolise the browser. Using its market control power, Microsoft strategized on how to popularise its browser by bundling the IE with its operating system, after Netscape refused on dividing the browser market. If the Netscape’s navigator was superior to Internet Explore as was asserted by many practitioners, then consumers would gone ahead to buy and install Netscape’s browser other than using the Microsoft’s browser. Previously, Netscape controlled the internet browser market, but it was after the introduction of the internet explorer it started losing to Microsoft browser due to it superiority qualities thus the rise of its IE shares from 5% to almost 50% by mid 1998. Furthermore, Netscape had plans of using its navigator technology to make Microsoft’s Windows obsolete, but on discovering this Microsoft strategized by bundling its IE to its operating system as it did with other of its software application. Finally, as the also viewed, consumer had a variety of alternatives for computing solutions. Microsoft therefore, was not a monopoly but rather firm, that had acquired market control through it innovativeness in software technology. However, there were cases of anticompetitive activities in Microsoft. Divestiture In order to prevent such cases of interferences and malpractices in future, I am of the opinion that Microsoft be split. This would ensure a levelled playing ground for all competitive firms in the market place and ensure consumers obtained their computing solutions from the desired and preferred source. Furthermore, this would encourage more software technology inventions and development in operating systems and application systems than ever before, exposing consumers to a wide variety of technology. Microsoft’s market dominance On whether Microsoft used it market power to prevent potential competitors from challenging its market dominance position in operating system, I would say no. Consumers looking for computing solutions had options from which to make their selection. Among the choices were a variant of UNIX’s operating syst em, Mac 05 and of course Microsoft’s Windows. Microsoft used its innovation, value for products and constant product improvement besides its business strategies to capture the market.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is what its competitors lacked hence made it difficult for them to penetrate the market while at the same time Microsoft became dominant. For instance, Microsoft strategized on how to promote its operating system by introducing application software’s that operated on windows. On my personal opinion, this was a strategy rather that a restriction. Judge Jackson’s Remedy According to Judge Jackson’s final judgement on November 5, 1999, in his findings of fact, some of the remedies were appropriate while others were too harsh for Microsoft. For instance, splitting Microsoft was an appropriate move for this would bring and allow more s oftware application manufactures on board the system. Prohibiting the operating system and applications businesses from merging or going into agreements with one another or other enterprises will ensure a more favourable market conditions to all parties. On other hand, ordering Microsoft disclose its technical information and communication interfaces used in Windows was a too harsh Judgement as it was a bias against Microsoft in favour of its competitors. This essay on Microsoft Corporation and Antitrust was written and submitted by user Sub-Mar1ner to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Ten Interview Tips for Green Card, Visa Applicants

Ten Interview Tips for Green Card, Visa Applicants Many immigration cases, including requests for green cards and visas for spouses, require interviews with officials from U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. How you handle the interview could determine whether you win or lose your case. Here are 10 tips for interview success: 1. Dress for the Occasion. It’s human nature that immigration officers will form an opinion about you by the way you look. You don’t need to rent a tuxedo, but dress as if this is an important day in your life because it should be. Don’t wear T-shirts, flip-flops, shorts or tight pants. Dress conservatively and look as if you’re ready for serious business. Go easy on the perfume or cologne, too. There’s no law that says you have to dress as if you’re going to church. But if you wouldn’t wear it to church, don’t wear it to your immigration interview. 2. Don’t Create Complications. Don’t bring items to the immigration center that may violate security or cause problems for guards using scanners at the door: pocket knives, pepper spray, bottles with liquids, large bags. 3. Show Up On Time. Arrive at your appointment early and ready to go. Being punctual shows that you care and that you appreciate the officer’s time. Get off to a good start by being where you’re supposed to be when you’re supposed to be there. It’s a good idea to come at least 20 minutes early. 4. Put Your Cell Phone Away. This is not the day to be taking calls or scrolling through Facebook. Some immigration buildings do not permit bringing cell phones inside anyway. Don’t annoy your immigration officer by having a cell phone ring during your interview. Turn it off. 5. Wait for Your Attorney. If you’ve hired an immigration lawyer to be there with you, wait until he or she arrives to start your interview. If an immigration officer wants you to do your interview before your attorney arrives, politely refuse. 6. Take a Deep Breath and Be Confident That You’ve Done Your Homework. You have done your homework, haven’t you? Preparation is the key to a successful interview. And preparation also helps reduce stress. If you need to bring forms or records with you, make sure you have them and make sure you know what they say. Know your case better than anybody else. 7. Listen to the Officer’s Instructions and Questions. Interview day can get tense and sometimes you can forget to do the simple things like listening. If you don’t understand a question, politely ask the officer to repeat it. Then thank the officer for repeating it. Take your time and think about your response. 8. Bring an Interpreter. If you need to bring an interpreter to help understanding English, bring someone who is fluent and trustworthy to interpret for you. Don’t let language be a barrier to your success. 9.Be Truthful and Direct at All Times. Don’t make up answers or tell the officer what you think he wants to hear. Don’t joke with the officer or try to be evasive. Don’t make sarcastic remarks - especially about legally sensitive matters, such as drug use, bigamy, criminal behavior or deportation. If you honestly don’t know the answer to a question, it is much better to say you don’t know than to be untruthful or defensive. If it’s a marriage visa case and you’re interviewing with your spouse, show that you’re comfortable with each other. Be prepared for questions that may be specific and somewhat intimate about each other. Above all, don’t argue with your spouse. 10. Be Yourself. USCIS officers are trained and experienced in detecting people who are trying to be deceptive. Stay true to yourself, be genuine and stay honest.

Discussion question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discussion question - Essay Example Assuming there are 1 billion writers, is it not possible that there are exactly two the same sentences There have been some records indicating exactly look alike in images, what more with written lines when writing has been here since time immemorial Is not plagiarism a simple commerce hiding behind the facade of protecting the rights of others, while prejudicing the rights of some 3. Excellent grammar is every tyro's dream. And, precisely, perfect grammar is crucial to every written document. However, some schools under-emphasized the study of grammar especially in vocational, technical, or mechanical areas, but, some also over-emphasized the same because of the need to be precise and accurate. For example, in the Law school or in journalism schools where accuracy is necessary. Consistently, to be articulate is also my aspiration and the challenge that drives me on. 4. I am very thorough with my work in life and in school. But, I am not necessarily the first to finish and turn a very accurate work. Nonetheless, I take my time and usually turn in a polished final product. I have done editing which is also called revising. It is centered on surface quality. Some would call it technicality of the written piece. Others would say it is more of corrections on the presentation rather than the content. It is commonly known as enhancement.